These three patients with HPS exhibited higher levels of Gal-9 or sTIM-3 compared to those without HPS (median Gal-9; 48.7 ng/mL versus 20.6 ng/mL, sTIM-3; 7100 pg/m versus 3220 pg/mL). This evidence concerns the gene LGALS9 and Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome.