However, immunohistochemistry revealed that the number of cleaved caspase-3 (CC3) positive tumor cells was significantly increased in endogenous tumor tissues that received the combination of gemcitabine and liposomal clodronate (Figure 4F), suggesting a shift of active gemcitabine metabolites towards proliferating tumor cells with subsequently increased apoptosis rates. This evidence concerns the gene CASP3 and neoplasm.