Importantly, the enrichments of truncating mutations we observe in the IL-17 and TLR pathways, which share many genes in common, are not driven by the genes discussed above because PIGR, ZC3H12A, NFKBIZ, and NOS2 are not part of these pathways (according to Reactome), and no mutations were found in TRAF3IP2. This suggests that additional positively selected genes related to IL-17 and TLR signaling may be discovered in the IBD colon as sample size is increased. Here, TRAF3IP2 is linked to inflammatory bowel disease.