In a study of the effects of DFMO on cardiac hypertrophy in rats, DFMO not only inhibited ODC and decreased polyamine levels, but also decreased the expression of GRP78, protein kinase R (PKR)-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK), calreticulin, and caspase-12 [43]. This evidence concerns the gene HSPA5 and cardiac hypertrophy.