TGFB1 and diabetes mellitus: A study performed on spontaneously hypertensive rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes has shown that activating phosphorylation of AMPK by cocoa enriched with polyphenols may suppress TGF-β1/Smad pathway (by blocking Smad2 phosphorylation), resulting in diminished levels of TGF-β1, collagen 4, and fibronectin ([110]).