FOS and intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: To verify the accuracy of the analysis results, we also validated the expression of FOS, HGF, IGF2, FOXO1, NTF3, and IGF1R in the GSE45001 ICC dataset, and found that FOS, IGF2, FOXO1, and NTF3 were markedly poorly expressed, IGF1R was highly expressed, and HGF was slightly poorly expressed in ICC (Fig. 6b–f).