As well as cells in the tumour microenvironment, there are other microenvironmental factors linked to the specialised biomatrix components that can significantly impact the behaviour of cancer cells, such as hypoxia, exosomes, proliferative factors and inflammatory cytokines (TGF-β and VEGF).91 All these factors play different roles in CCA progression, and might be considered as potential targets for therapy. The gene discussed is TGFB1; the disease is neoplasm.