TLR9 and lupus nephritis: It is well known that under certain circumstances, self-derived DNA might be recognized by TLR960; furthermore, TLR9 has already been shown to be required for the development of autoimmunity and Lupus nephritis in pristane-induced nephropathy56, with TLR9−/− mice exhibiting predominant decrease in Th1 cytokine production, decreased anti-RNP antibody levels and renal injury56.