The observation that pre‐ or simultaneous co‐application of curcumin with acidic bile exerts a more significant effect on inhibition of Stat3, a head and neck cancer‐related transcriptional factor,29, 37, 42 than its post‐application, further supports the view that curcumin successfully blocks early cancer‐related effects of acidic bile on HM. Here, STAT3 is linked to cancer.