Using an in vivo animal model, it was also previously demonstrated that the same bile mixture could enhance the activation of NF‐κB, inducing pre‐neoplastic events and invasive hypopharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma, related to early oncogenic molecular changes (overexpression of genes like Rela(p65), Bcl2, Tnf, Egfr, Stat3, Il6 and deregulation of miRNAs), in hypopharyngeal epithelium.10, 11, 12. This evidence concerns the gene RELA and hypopharynx squamous cell carcinoma.