CTLA4 and Sepsis: Figure 6A shows 6 genes that were down-modulated in patients compared to healthy volunteers. A significant difference between patients and healthy volunteers was observed in CD74, CX3CR1, CD3D, CTLA-4, and IFN-γ but not TNF. All of the previous modulations are hallmarks of sepsis and can be observed in both septic shock groups, intermediate and low mHLA-DR expression, with more altered expression in the latter. Figure 6B shows 4 assays (IL-18, IL-10, IL-1RN, and S100A9) that were significantly up-modulated in patients.