CTLA4 and cancer: This has been demonstrated in a number of in vivo cancer models, including breast cancer, pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors, colon cancer, small-cell lung cancer, renal cell carcinoma, and melanoma whereby the administration of immunotherapy (cancer vaccine, adoptive cell therapy, a PD-1 or PD-L1 inhibitor, or a CTLA-4 inhibitor) and antiangiogenic agents showed more marked antitumor activity than the administration of either strategy alone [52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59].