Indeed, Liu et al.[45] demonstrated that in a Northern European Caucasian cohort of patients with primary HCC attributed to NAFLD, carriage of the PNPLA3 rs738409 polymorphism was associated with NAFLD fibrosis and HCC, where GG carriers had a 5-fold increase in HCC (95%CI: 1.47-17.29) compared to CC carriers. Here, PNPLA3 is linked to metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease.