AR and endothelial dysfunction: Using stable isotope labeling with amino acids in cell culture and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) to analyze differentially expressed proteins and the functional status of UA-stimulated human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), Zhang et al. [50] found a significant relationship between hyperuricemia-induced endothelial dysfunction and aldose reductase- (AR-) mediated oxidative stress.