In cultured TECs (NRK-52E) and a hyperuricemia mouse model, UA induced the infiltration of inflammatory cells (T cells and macrophages) in tubular interstitial spaces and upregulated the production of the inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and MCP-1 and regulated upon activation normal T cell expressed and secreted factor (RANTES) expression via the NF-κB signaling pathway [63]. This evidence concerns the gene CCL2 and hyperuricemia.