TNF and acute kidney injury: Previous studies have indicated that endotoxins, such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS), bind to Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), leading to the activation of the NF-κB pathway in septic AKI, and these processes are initiated a few hours with the production of cytokines, such as TNF-a and IL-1, and the infiltration and activation of immune cells [8, 9].