In particular, the potent proinflammatory mediator C5a has been shown to contribute to tumor growth in models of cervical and lung cancer (Corrales et al., 2012; Markiewski et al., 2008; Nunez-Cruz et al., 2012), and inhibition of the receptor C5aR1, in combination with cytotoxic chemotherapy, can exert immunosuppressive effects in a papilloma virus‒induced mouse model of squamous carcinogenesis (Medler et al., 2018). Here, C5AR1 is linked to neoplasm.