CASP3 and Insulin resistance: As is known, exercise induced proteinuria has been associated with higher insulin resistance [33] which in turn may lead to muscular protein degradations by suppression of Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (Akt) signaling and subsequently activation of caspase-3 and the ubiquitin-proteasome proteolytic pathway [34].