The proportion of responders (CR, PR and SD > 6 months) and duration of response was markedly improved in patients with an increased number of exhausted cytotoxic CD8+ T lymphocytes (CTLs defined as CTLA4+/PD-1+ CD8+ T-cells) in either blood or tumor, with longer median progression-free survival (PFS) (8.6 versus 2.8 months, HR 0.32, p = 0.0098) (Fig. 2a, b and Supplementary Fig. 2). The gene discussed is CD8A; the disease is neoplasm.