Moreover, the mRNA expression of other representative proinflammatory mediators, including IL-1β, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), IL-8, IL-18, and immune modulators, such as interferon regulatory factor-5 (IRF-5) and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), was increased in emphysema mice. Here, IRF5 is linked to pulmonary emphysema.