For cross-species comparison of pathway-level mutations and SCNAs between CMT and human breast cancer, we examined 13 genes belonging to two signaling pathways (the PI3K-Akt and p53 pathways), particularly in regards to the frequencies of activation or inactivation thereof in benign and malignant CMTs and in human breast cancer (Fig. 4a). Here, PIK3CA is linked to breast carcinoma.