In a randomized phase II trial evaluating the efficacy of ipilimumab plus sargramostim (GM-CSF) vs. ipilimumab alone in metastatic melanoma patients, it was observed that median overall survival (OS) for ipilimumab plus sargramostim was 17.5 months compared to 12.7 months for ipilimumab alone; although median progression-free survival for both groups was 3.1 months [51]. Here, CSF2 is linked to metastatic melanoma.