INS and Insulin resistance: Anesthesia involving propofol in unstressed rats slightly induces insulin resistance due to the tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) elevation and acute lipid load [8,9,10,11,12], whereas in stressed rats and rhesus monkeys, propofol increases insulin secretion and improves glucose metabolism, and reduces TNF-α-induced hepatic insulin resistance [13,14,15].