Many of the mediators (e.g., TGF-β1/2, ET-1, TSP-1, CCL5, IL-1, IL-8, IL-6, TNF-α, BNP; summarized in Figure 3), highlighted in this review to drive epithelial-mesenchymal cross-talk have previously been identified in asthma pathogenesis. Here, NPPB is linked to asthma.