TNF and diabetes mellitus: Notably, diabetes-enhanced TNF-α has been shown to be important in the progression of DP by prolonging inflammation and promoting osteoclastogenesis in the periodontium.28 Inhibition of TNF-α by blockade has been found to reduce alveolar bone resorption in rat models of DP.12 Hence, one of the important mechanisms through which bindarit reduced the number of osteoclasts and alveolar bone loss in DP mice is the reduction of TNF-α levels in the periodontium.