CD4 and disease arising from reactivation of latent virus: In this study, we are showing that the proportion of Mtb-specific CD4 T cells expressing CD153 was significantly reduced in active TB patients compared to persons with latent infection (Fig. 2b) and importantly that CD153+ Mtb-specific CD4 response inversely associated with sputum Mtb load inferred by Xpert cycle threshold, irrespective of HIV status (Fig. 4a).