PLAGL1 and cancer: In the case that high Zac1 expression cannot cause apoptosis, its effect in increasing EMT signature enrichment may cause cancer cells to transform from a proliferative epidermal cell type to a mesenchymal cell type and in turn will increase the metastatic ability of cancer cells (Fig. 5), which was confirmed in results of GSEA (Figs. 2C, 3, 4) and in vitro experiments (Fig. 7C).