ALB and cancer: As shown in Figs. 3, the findings in the correlation between levels of estrogen quinone-derived adducts and naphthoquinone adducts in healthy controls (except for 1,2-NPQ-Alb vs E2-3,4-Q-2-S-Alb ) but not in cancer patients reveal that factors besides PAH exposure modulate the bioactivation of estrogen to quinone species in cancer patients to a much greater extent when compared to controls.