TNFSF13B and systemic lupus erythematosus: In contrast, excessive systemic humoral immune responses by elevated BAFF levels lead to the accumulation of antigen–antibody immune complexes, which in turn lead to inflammatory responses and aggravate autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), and type 1 diabetes1,9,10.