MAPT and Alzheimer disease: This finding was consistent with the bidirectional relationship between IL-33 deficiency and neurodegeneration in several studies, including the following: (1) mice lacking IL-33 had persistent inflammation and severe neurodegeneration in retinal detachment [30]; (2) IL-33 deficiency mice failed to repair deoxyribonucleic acid damage of aged neuron, resulting in neurodegeneration and tau abnormality [19]; (3) mice lacking IL-33 were found to have impaired recovery after CNS injury [16]; and (4) IL-33 treatment rescued contextual memory deficits in AD mouse models [18].