KLK3 and neoplasm: As shown in Fig. 4, the model combining patient CETRUS scores, Gleason scores, tumor stage, and PSA levels (AUC at 3 years: 0.886; 95% CI: 0.754–1.000) had a better prognostic value than relying on CETRUS scores alone (AUC at 3 years: 0.696; 95% CI: 0.520–0.890; p = 0.006), Gleason scores alone (AUC at 3 years: 0.679; 95% CI: 0.554–0.811; p = 0.018), tumor stage alone (AUC at 3 years: 0.620; 95% CI: 0.500–0.748; p < 0.001), or PSA levels alone (AUC at 3 years: 0.611; 95% CI: 0.500–0.792; p = 0.004).