This is exemplified in the case of RA, where implicated mediators include interferon (IFN)α, TNF, IL-1, IL-6, IL-7, IL-10, IL-12, IL-15, IL-17, IL-18, IL-21, IL-23, GM-CSF and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β.35 Notably, the majority of these inflammatory signals are transduced through various combinations of JAK and STAT proteins. Here, TNF is linked to rheumatoid arthritis.