Infection with Pseudomonas could activate the c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) pathway to induce enterocyte apoptosis, and intestinal stem cell proliferation (Apidianakis et al., 2009), intestinal innate immune responses, and stem cells may initiate the development of tumors and metastasis (Schwitalla et al., 2013). This evidence concerns the gene MAPK8 and infection.