VCAM1 and endothelial dysfunction: Activated endothelial cells produce proinflammatory cytokines (i.e., IL1β, IL6, TNFα), chemokines (i.e., CCL2, CXCL1) and adhesion molecules (i.e., intercellular adhesion molecule 1 -ICAM1-, vascular cell adhesion molecule 1-VCAM1, selectins), which participate in endothelial dysfunction.