Similarly, bone phenotype spontaneous mutation 1 (BPSM1) mice that have increased TNF expression due to a spontaneous insertion of a small interspersed element (SINE) in the 3’ untranslated region of Tnf, develop severe, progressive arthritis and valvular endocarditis with aortic aneurysm (Lacey et al., 2015). Here, TNF is linked to aortic aneurysm.