Previous studies have focused on the crosstalk between SHH-GLI signaling and several oncogenic pathways including MAPKs, PI3K/AKT/mTOR, and TGFβ/SMAD signaling pathways, and implicated the strategy of targeting SHH-GLI and MEK1/2 for the therapy of cancers (30). Here, TGFB1 is linked to cancer.