SUMOylation participates in several pathways connected to PD, including changes in α-synuclein biology and pathology (discussed in detail in the sections below), regulation of DJ-1 activity (Ariga et al., 2013), modulation of transcription factors involved in mitochondrial and lysosomal biogenesis (Harder et al., 2004), and regulation of mitochondrial fission machinery (Harder et al., 2004; Guo et al., 2013). This evidence concerns the gene PARK7 and Parkinson disease.