TNF and neoplasm: We found that hEx3-induced T cell activation was able to cause both cell contact-dependent tumor cell killing (direct tumor cell killing) via cytotoxic cell proteases, e.g., granzymes, and cell contact-independent tumor cell killing (indirect tumor cell killing) via released cytotoxic cytokines, e.g., interferon-gamma (IFNγ) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα).