Moreover, peripheral mononuclear cells of JIA patients (monocytes and lymphocytes) had increased expression of inflammatory mediators, such as TNF-α, IL-8, MCP-1 and TLR-2 (Fig. 3a), and oxidative stress markers including SOD-1 and eNOS (Fig. 3b). This evidence concerns the gene CCL2 and juvenile idiopathic arthritis.