Risk factors are previous CS, elevated 5-hydroxy-indolacetic acid (5-HIAA) and/or Chromogranin A, high tumor burden, metastatic disease (mainly hepatic), carcinoid heart disease, advanced patient age, and the use of drugs that cause histamine release such as sympathomimetic and β2 agonist bronchodilators [26,27,28,29,31,32]. The gene discussed is CHGA; the disease is carcinoid heart disease.