In fact, acutely infected cells showed enhanced transcription and/or secretion of IL6, IL8, LIF, MCP1, and TGFB1. On the other hand, infection by diabetes-related EV strains reduced the expression of most cytokines including IFNs and IL6, but enhanced the expression of IL8, IL18, IL32, and MCP1. Thus, the expression of IL18 and IL32 may distinguish slow infection by diabetes-related EV strains from the acute model of infection. Here, CCL2 is linked to diabetes mellitus.