The apple studies attenuated atherosclerosis through a large variety of metabolic improvements, including increased PPARα, Nrf2, GPx, and SOD activity by apple polyphenols [150]; reduced plasma uric acid concentration (a byproduct of purine degradation that stimulates inflammation, leading to endothelial dysfunction [153]) by cider apple polyphenols [148]; and decreased circulating cholesterol in serum due to improved antioxidant capacity by Granny Smith apple peels [149]. The gene discussed is SOD1; the disease is atherosclerosis.