Further, post-mortem brain analysis of PD patients has revealed neuroinflammation as a contributing factor in α-synuclein mediated neurotoxicity and PD patients display higher striatal levels of TGF-β, IL-1β, IL-6, IFN-γ and IL-1 [138,139,140,141,142]. This evidence concerns the gene TGFB1 and Parkinson disease.