Several α-synuclein aggregate structures might be included in the process of clump formation and accumulation: α-Synuclein monomers were suggested to play a role in the complex molecular mechanism, leading to cellular dysfunction or the disruption of other molecular or signaling pathways (see the review of [24]); oligomeric and phosphorylated α-synuclein have mainly been viewed as toxic, and the presence of these forms is considered essential for PD [25]. The gene discussed is SNCA; the disease is Parkinson disease.