AGER and neoplasm: In the case of pancreatic tumor primary cell cultures and cell lines, for example, cytosolic HMGB1 promotes tumor proliferation by a mechanism involving the upregulated expression of mitochondrial RAGE, the activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK)/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)/MAPK pathway and increased production of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) [145].