PIGP and colorectal carcinoma: Treatment with metformin alone or probiotics alone decreased the levels of IL-6 (Figure 11a,b) and TNF-α (Figure 11c,d) in both colonic tissue and serum of cancerous nondiabetic and diabetic animals, as seen in groups CRC + M, CRC + P, DCRC + M and DCRC + P; however, no reduction was observed in the colonic tissues of group DCRC + P. Such reductions were not statically significant.