PTGS2 and inflammation: In this study, while mRNA expressions as well as protein productions of iNOS and COX-2 were induced by AOM/DSS treatment, administration of LG/CT/FCT gradually inhibited their mRNA expressions as well as protein productions in AOM/DSS-induced CAC mice, suggesting that LG, CT, and FCT could reduce colonic inflammation by inhibiting iNOS and COX-2 (Figure 2(c–d)).