TNF and infectious otitis media: The immune response experiment showed that pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-1β, and IL-6) and inflammation-associated enzymes (iNOS and COX-2) were down-regulated, and anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-4 and IL-10) were up-regulated, by FCT administration in AOM/DSS-induced CAC mice.