Augmentation of pERK1/2 signaling either through overactivation of FGFRs, downregulation of its inhibitors, or downregulation of ERF that regulates the export of pERK from the nucleus, all result in craniosynostosis (Lee et al., 2018a; Lee et al., 2018b; Timberlake et al., 2017; Twigg et al., 2013). The gene discussed is ERF; the disease is craniosynostosis.