TLR9 and colitis: In the DSS-induced colitis model, oral administration of L. johnsonii and B. thetaiotaomicron to mice restored the imbalance between aerobic and anaerobic populations and resulted in a significant reduction in inflammatory parameters, revealed by a decrease in pro-inflammatory mediators, and enhanced the anti-inflammatory cytokine response with high TLR9 expression and chitinase-like protein-1 activation, which promoted C. glabrata elimination from the gut.