PDIA3 and infection: Influenza A virus (IAV), HBV, JEV, DENV, and ZIKA virus all hijack host cell process to enhance viral pathogenesis, such as facilitating viral folding and trafficking, affecting receptor interaction, and modulating host immune responses.426–428 Therefore, as a major factor in ER stress response, ERp57 would be critical for viral protein glycosylation and maturation, which may in turn affect virus release and infection (Fig. 7).