XBP1 and infection: This complex significantly improves the proper folding and stability of DENV E protein, thereby leading to increase of virus production.597 Other than DENV, Grp78 is also demonstrated to promote HCMV, JEV and RGNNV infections.195,598,599 The IRE1-XBP1 pathway is activated by IAV to facilitate its replication.600 However, other UPR outcomes are detrimental for virus replication.