HSPA1A and infection: Although the interaction has not yet been investigated in natural infection, the in vitro findings have suggested that Hsp70 may act as a negative regulator of viral capsid protein to protect host cells against WNV infection by abolishing cytotoxic effects induced by the viral capsid.570 Studies from ours and other groups show that almost all HSP subfamily members (Hsp90s, Hsc70, Hsp70, Grp78, Erp57, Hsp27) are highly responsible to enterovirus infection and play key roles in all stages of virus life cycle.