HSPB1 and viral infectious disease: Rajaiya et al. suggested that the association of Hsp27 with p38 or NFκB/p65 plays key roles in controlling the expression of pro-inflammatory mediators in virus-infected cells.64 Fukagawa et al. suggested that the phosphorylated Hsp27 is upregulated through the PI3K/Akt pathway upon EBV infection.386 We would discuss the special roles of Hsp27 in different viral infections in the following sections.