XBP1 and infection: The PERK-eIF2α-mediated global translation attenuation is known as an antiviral response to restrict viral replication, such as infection by DENV or WNV.583,601 The activated PKR phosphorylates eIF2α at the ribosomal interface, which in turn causes a general inhibition of protein synthesis and blockage of VSV replication.602 The IRE1-XBP1(s)-mediated ER-associated protein degradation (ERAD) pathway reduces intracellular HBV particles by degrading its envelope proteins.603