HSPs released from tumor cells can bind to surface receptors on antigen presenting cells (APCs) and elicit tumor-specific killers by means of antigen cross-presentation.575,576 For example, Hsp27 positively modulates NF-κB phosphorylation, increases IFNβ transcription and downstream antiviral interferon-induced genes (ISGs). This evidence concerns the gene NFKB1 and neoplasm.