TLR3 and cancer: In a different study, liposome-silica hybrid nanoparticles were also used for the delivery of a synthetic double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) analog, polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (poly(I:C)), able to modify cancer microenvironment and suppress tumor growth by both upregulating tumor suppressor genes and activating cell apoptosis via toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3), retinoic acid inducible gene I (RIG-I) and melanoma differentiation-associated gene-5 (MDA5).