TNF and neoplasm: Accordingly, our results showed that the mRNA expression of the cytokines TNF-a and IL-6 were upregulated by Nem, Cp5 and Cp17, while the M2-like macrophage marker CD206 was significantly downregulated, indicating that Nem, Cp5 and Cp17 exert a proinflammatory activity, which is typically associated with M1 macrophages, cells playing a proinflammation role, thereby stimulating tumor immunity and suppressing tumor progression in the TME [44].